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| Biafran soldiers Moise (left) and Ferdinand, ages 14 and 16, speak as Nigerian federal troops continued their advance in August 1968 during the Biafran independence war. | AFP-JIJI |
LAGOS – Diekoye Oyeyinka, 33, has been billed as one
of the most promising Nigerian writers of his generation.
He went to some of the finest schools in his West African
homeland but says that, like the majority of his classmates, he “didn’t know
about Biafra until I was 14.”
When he did begin to find out about the brutal civil war
that nearly tore Nigeria apart, it was not in the classroom. Instead it was a
schoolmate in his dormitory who showed him a separatist leaflet demanding
Nigeria’s southeast break away from the rest of the country.
Before then, Oyeyinka had known nothing about how leaders
from the Igbo ethnic group declared the independent state of Biafra in 1967.
He knew nothing of the conflict that resulted and the 30
months of fighting and famine that are estimated to have cost over a million
lives before the secessionists surrendered 50 years ago in January 1970.
“We’ve had a very brutal history, the older generation
went through a lot of trauma,” Oyeyinka said. “We just sweep it under the
carpet, pretending nothing happened. But without knowing our history, we will
repeat the same mistakes. Our history is a succession of deja vu.”
It was to try to break this cycle of ignorance that
Oyeyinka wrote the novel “Stillborn” — a historic epic about Nigeria from the
days of British colonial rule in 1950 to 2010. In it the civil war is the
pivotal event.
Unlike other famed Nigerian writers such as Chimamanda
Ngozi Adichie, with her novel “Half Of A Yellow Sun,” or Chinua Achebe’s memoir
“There Was A Country,” Oyeyinka is one of the few non-Igbo writers to have
dwelt on the conflict.
“An Igbo friend got angry at me and said ‘You can’t write
about us, it’s our conflict,'” he recounted.
But Oyeyinka insists that all Nigerians need to be made
aware of what happened.
“We need to address these traumas ourselves, as a
country, otherwise we are a tinder box ready to explode.”
While in the rest of Africa’s most populous nation many
know little about the history of Biafra, in the former capital of the
self-proclaimed state at Enugu the memory of those years lives on.
Biafran flags — an iconic red, black and green with a
rising golden sun — make appearances on the front of buildings and hard-line
separatists still demand independence.
The security forces — deployed heavily in the region —
are quick to stamp out any clamor for a new Biafra.
At the end of the war in 1970, Nigerian leader Yukubu
Gowon famously declared there would be “no victor, no vanquished” as he sought
to reunite his shattered country.
The leader of the breakaway Republic of Biafra,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, went into exile for 13 years before being
pardoned. He returned to Nigerian politics but was detained for 10 months in
prison.
Leading Nigerian intellectual Pat Utomi says that many
Igbos — the country’s third-biggest ethnic group, after the Hausa and the
Yoruba — still feel marginalized.
One key event was when current President Muhammadu Buhari
— then a military chief — seized power in 1983, and stopped the only Igbo to
get close to leading Nigeria since the war from becoming head of state.
“In the early 1980s, people had forgotten about the war,
but this succession of poor leadership brought bitterness among the new
generations,” Utomi said.
Nowadays any incident — from the closure of the only
airport in the southeast last year to the sacking of Igbo shops by customs
officials in economic hub Lagos — can cause grievances to flare.
“It’s important to deal with history, to write it down.
In Nigeria, we try to cover it up,” Utomi said. “We are more divided today than
we’ve ever been before the civil war. We learnt nothing from it.”
In order to try to heal the rifts, Utomi helped organize
the Never Again conference aiming to bring together key cultural and political
figures to discuss the lessons of the Biafra war half a century after it ended.
He is also a patron of the Center for Memories in Enugu,
a combination of a museum and library where visitors can come and “dig into
history.”
History itself has been absent from Nigerian schools.
The current government reintroduced it only from last
term as an obligatory subject for pupils from ages 10 to 13, after more than a
decade off the curriculum.
“Teaching history is essential to build our identity as a
country, and defend our patriotic values,” said Sonny Echono, permanent
secretary at the education ministry.
But schools still remain woefully short of qualified
history teachers, and there is no unified narrative about the civil war that does
not figure in the lessons.
“We need to teach the war in our schools,” said Egodi
Uchendu, a history professor at University of Nsukka, in the former Biafra
territory. “Eastern Nigeria is completely different from how it was experienced
in other parts of the country. We need to bring in the different angles to it.”
Chika Oduah, a Nigerian American journalist, has crossed
the country to collect hundreds of testimonies of the victims and combatants of
the Biafra conflict, which she publishes on her website Biafran War Memories.
She says that for many of those she interviewed it was
the first time they had retold the horrors of the period.
“A seventy-something former soldier … broke down crying,
when he told me how he lost his brother during the war,” she said.
She herself only learned at the age of 17 that her mother
as a child spent two years in a camp for displaced people.
“Our parents wanted to move on, not look at the past,”
Oduah insisted.
“But we need to talk about it, otherwise we won’t heal.”
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